Native gardens and naturalized areas are sometimes imagined to be wild, unkempt, and unattractive. In fact, this is a major reason people don’t include native plants or naturalized areas around their homes.
Cues to Care are a solution. These landscape elements may provide a sense of human intention, or neatness, while allowing environmental benefits. Joan Iverson Nassaur, who developed much of the early theory around Cues to Care noted that a human desire for neatness was a significant factor in preventing homeowners from planting native gardens.
“Neatness is a potent form of human communication—so potent that it may sometimes arrogantly dominate natural forces and native landscapes,” she wrote.
Nassaur’s Cues to Care is described as a series of perceptual, cultural and social mechanisms that “are immediate recognizability, communication of caring human intention or presence, and a consistency with local cultural traditions or social norms for landscape appearance.”
In short, Cues to Care are landscape design elements that are incorporated into naturalized spaces to bring a sense of intention and make them aesthetically pleasing by local standards. These elements include:
Defined Edges & Borders
Providing a neat edge is a quick and easy way to convey intention in a naturalized garden. And this is a great example of how local horticultural practices can be integrated. In lower city Hamilton, Ontario, red clay bricks are a common border – the original structures of clay brick factories are still around the city. These edges and borders can also be mulch, stone, or even pathways integrated throughout the area.
Photo by JKehoe_Photos / Flickr.com CC BY-ND 2.0
Photo by a California Native Plant Society – Gardening / Flickr.com CC BY 2.0
Photo by Melinda Young Stuart / Flickr.com CC BY-NC-ND 2.0
Layering Heights
Plants in naturalized settings grow at complementary heights, which helps create an intentional look when we group them in gentle tiers from low ground cover to mid-size perennials, and tall shrubs or short trees. You can even incorporate tall trees or secondary views.
CA Native Plant Society / Flickr.com CC BY 2.0
Photo by Mike Shell / Flickr.com CC BY-NC-ND 2.0
Grouping Plants (Clumping)
By arranging your plants of the same species or similar look together, you can develop a sense of cohesion; scattered plants do not have a “neat” aesthetic.
Mississippi WMO / Flickr.com CC BY-NC 2.0
Seasonal Interest
Ensuring that there’s a plant in bloom in each season and having visually-interesting plants through winter create a sense of intention. It also provides predictability for the public.
Photo by Mike Howie / MikeLIkesPlants.com
Photo by Rachel Kramer / Flickr.com CC BY 2.0
Focal Points
Adding an obviously human element that fits culturally and assists in the function of the landscape provides immediate recognizability. Examples are diverse and may include trellises, bird baths or water features, educational signage, seating, or habitat structures.
Photo by Antoine 49 / Flickr.com C BY-NC-ND 2.0
Photo by Mike Howie / MikeLikesPlants.com
Sources
Davis, A., & Stoyko, J. (2022, December 30). Barriers to native plantings in private residential yards. MDPI. https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/12/1/114
Nassauer, J. I. (1988). The Aesthetics of Horticulture: Neatness as a Form of Care. HortScience, 23(6), 973-977. Retrieved Feb 26, 2025, from https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI.23.6.973
University of Florida. (n.d.). Cues to care – gardening solutions. UF/IFAS Extension Gardening Solutions. https://gardeningsolutions.ifas.ufl.edu/care/floridat-friendly/cues-to-care
University of Florida. (n.d.). ENH1188/EP449: Landscape Design: Arranging plants in the landscape. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/EP449









